The lemon is a small evergreen tree (Citrus limon) originally native to Asia and is also the name of the tree's oval yellow fruit. The fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world – primarily for its juice, though the pulp and rind (zest) are also used, mainly in cooking and baking. Lemon is about 5% (approximately 0.3 mole per litre) citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste, and a pH of 2 to 3. This makes lemon juice an inexpensive, readily available acid for use in educational science experiments. Because of the sour flavor, many lemon-flavored drinks and candies are available, including lemonade and sour heads.
Lemons are used to make lemonade, and as a garnish for drinks. Lemon zest has many uses. Many mixed, soft drinks, iced tea, and water is often served with a wedge or slice of lemon in the glass or on the rim. The average lemon contains approximately 3 tablespoons of juice. Fish are marinated in lemon juice to neutralize the odor. Lemon juice, alone or in combination with other ingredients, is used to marinate meat before cooking. Lemons, alone or with oranges, are used to make marmalade. The grated rind of the lemon, called lemon zest, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice and other dishes. Pickled lemons are a Moroccan delicacy. Numerous lemon liqueurs are made from lemon rind. Apart from the juice, the essential oil extracted by steam distillation is an important product from the fruit. Lemon oil is highly beneficial for medicinal purposes. The main chemical components of lemon oil are a-pinene, camphene, b-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, a-terpinene, linalool, b-bisabolene, limonene, Trans-a- bergamotene, nerol and neral.
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